In the wake of the stock market’s downturn to start 2025 — spurred by a slowing economy and U.S. President Donald Trump’s embrace of global tariffs — investors may be worried about a possible stock market crash or even a recession.
Stocks can rise or fall on any given day, so sizable declines aren’t uncommon. But stock market crashes are different because of the steep decline in prices over a short period of time. The reality is that stock market crashes are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to predict ahead of time.
Here’s a breakdown of what the market looks like now, a history of major stock market crashes and tips to protect your portfolio.
Is the stock market crashing in 2025?
Investors have not taken kindly to President Trump’s announcement of new tariffs during his second term in office. The S&P 500 and Nasdaq stock indexes have both declined significantly from recent highs as the first wave of tariffs against Canada, Mexico and China were declared. Now, markets have been pummeled by the second wave of Trump tariffs announced on April 2, which affect around 185 countries. While it may not be a stock market crash (yet), it could feel like one.
In general, a stock market crash is a decline of 20 percent or more in a few days across a broad section of markets. A stock market correction is a decline of more than 10 percent, but less than 20 percent, and typically occurs at a slower pace, often over a few months. Corrections are more subtle and even thought to be healthy in rising markets, keeping stock prices from rising too quickly.
Looking for portfolio protection?
Investors still looking to put money to work in a declining market could turn to more defensive stocks or sectors, including the best defensive ETFs.
Stock market crashes and corrections are both near impossible to predict and avoid as a long-term investor. If you hold stocks for decades, you will likely experience several market corrections and may even experience a crash or severe bear market. On the flip side, you will also be there for the good years or bull markets.
Though you may not be able to predict a financial crash, it may be helpful to look at the history behind others.
Key stock market crash statistics
- The largest single-day percentage declines for the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average both occurred on Oct. 19, 1987 with the S&P 500 falling by 20.5 percent and the Dow falling by 22.6 percent.
- Two of the four largest percentage declines for the Dow occurred on consecutive days — Oct. 28 and 29 in 1929. The market fell roughly 25 percent over those two days.
- The Dow reached an all-time high in September 1929 before the crash and did not return to its pre-crash high until 25 years later in November 1954.
- The six largest single-day point declines for the Dow all occurred in the first six months of 2020 as investors grappled with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
- The largest single-day point decline for the Dow occurred on March 16, 2020 when the index fell 2,997 points, or 12.9 percent. That day was also the largest single-day point decline for the S&P 500, which tumbled 324.9 points, or about 12 percent.
Black Tuesday: Oct. 29, 1929
The stock market rose steadily throughout the 1920s, reaching an all-time high in September 1929, more than six times its level in August 1921. The economist Irving Fisher notoriously declared that stocks had reached a “permanently high plateau.” The market didn’t take long to correct him.
The selling began on Thursday, Oct. 24, but the crash really picked up steam the following Monday and Tuesday, when the Dow fell by 13 and 12 percent, respectively. By mid-November, the Dow was nearly half the level of its September high, crushing the fortunes of investors and speculators alike.
The market continued to fall over the next few years as the economic difficulties of the Great Depression set in. The market finally bottomed in July 1932 with the Dow closing at 41.22, down 89 percent from its pre-crash high, and its lowest closing level of the 20th century. It wouldn’t regain its September 1929 heights until November 1954.
The 1929 crash came following a period of economic strength and technological progress. Cars and telephones were new inventions that gained widespread popularity and more working-class families began investing in the stock market. Many people invested by using margin accounts that allowed them to borrow the vast majority of their investment, with their stocks serving as collateral. But this helped fuel speculation in stocks and inflated their prices to unsustainable levels. Eventually, the bubble burst and the stock market crashed.
Black Monday: Oct. 19, 1987
The 1987 stock market crash, or Black Monday, is known for being the largest single-day percentage decline in U.S. stock market history. On Oct. 19, the Dow fell 22.6 percent, a shocking drop of 508 points.
The crash was somewhat of an isolated incident and didn’t have anywhere near the impact that the 1929 crash did. While there were concerns over the growing U.S. trade deficit and tensions in the Middle East, computerized trading programs were mostly blamed for the crash. The algorithms bought more as prices rose and sold more as they fell. The widespread selling on Oct. 19 led to even more selling as some traders panicked and the market seemingly couldn’t find a bottom.
But the market recovered fairly quickly after the sell-off, with stocks closing out 1987 with a small gain for the year. Less than two years later, the market had regained all of its losses from the crash.
Dotcom bubble crash: 2000-2002
The economy was growing strongly through much of the 1990s. The internet had made its debut and there was growing optimism about the ways the new technology would transform the way people live. The tech-heavy Nasdaq Composite increased from about 1,000 to more than 5,000 from 1995 to 2000. Companies that had nothing to do with technology or the internet changed their name to include “.com” in the hopes that investors would bid up their shares.
But in early 2000, the bubble began to burst. Five of the Nasdaq’s 15 worst days ever came between April 2000 and January 2001. On April 14, 2000 the index fell by nearly 10 percent, its second-biggest single-day decline ever at the time. By the time the market bottomed in October 2002, the Nasdaq had lost nearly 80 percent of its value.
It was a unique environment because not all stocks were crashing. Companies tied to the “old economy” that had stable and growing earnings had been shunned by investors during the tech boom saw their shares rise even as tech stocks sold off. Shares of Warren Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway jumped more than 25 percent in 2000, while insurer Progressive’s shares rose more than 40 percent in 2000 and 2001.
Global financial crisis: 2008-2009
The collapse of the housing market brought the U.S. financial system to the brink of collapse in the fall of 2008, with the U.S. government stepping in to rescue banks and financial institutions that couldn’t cover losses tied to subprime mortgages. The first signs of trouble emerged in 2007, but the stock market pushed higher. As the size of the problem became more clear throughout 2008, stocks fell, finally reaching a pivotal moment in September of that year.
Over a frantic weekend in New York City, the U.S. government organized the sales and rescues of financial institutions that would have otherwise collapsed such as Merrill Lynch and AIG. The stock market was extremely volatile throughout this period with the market rising on news of government bailouts and falling when Congress voted to reject an initial plan. There were four days from the end of September to early December when the S&P 500 lost between 7 and 8 percent of its value in a single day.
The market continued falling as the economy worsened and investors realized that the U.S. was experiencing the worst recession since the Great Depression. The market eventually bottomed in March 2009 with the S&P 500 losing nearly 60 percent from its October 2007 peak. It took until April 2013 to surpass the previous high.
COVID-19 pandemic: 2020
One of the most unique stock market crashes came in March 2020 as investors realized the gravity of the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact it could have on the global economy.
On March 16, 2020, the Dow fell almost 3,000 points, or nearly 13 percent, for its largest point decline ever and largest single-day percentage drop since the 1987 crash.
After reaching an all-time high on Feb. 19, 2020, the S&P 500 had fallen 34 percent by March 23, one of the sharpest declines in history. But as the Fed and U.S. Treasury Department stepped in to support the economy and boost benefits to those most impacted by the pandemic, the market began to recover. By August, the market had reached a new high and continued surging through much of 2021.
How to protect your portfolio in a downturn
While market crashes are difficult, if not impossible, to predict ahead of time, there are some steps you can take to protect yourself during a market downturn.
- Have the right mindset — If you’re investing in the stock market, it’s critical that you have the right mindset. If you’re a long-term investor saving for retirement, you don’t need to worry about predicting every downturn that comes. You just need to understand that they will occur occasionally and that it’s a normal part of investing. Many people jump in and out at the wrong times and end up being their own worst enemies when it comes to investing. Focus on your long-term goals.
- Make regular contributions — If you participate in a workplace retirement plan such as a 401(k), you can make regular contributions and take advantage of lower prices that come with market downturns. This approach, known as dollar-cost averaging, means that you’ll buy more shares when prices are lower and fewer shares when prices are higher.
- Work with an experienced financial advisor — An experienced financial advisor has seen the market’s ups and downs before, and can help you stick to your long-term plan when markets get choppy. A good advisor keeps you focused on the things that will keep you building wealth over time and minimizing the short-term pain.
- Cash can be valuable — If the chances of a market downturn worry you a lot, you might consider holding an increased portion of your portfolio in cash. The cash will protect you as prices fall and give you the opportunity to reinvest the cash at more attractive rates of return. But over time, cash is likely to be a drag on your investment performance, so be sure to invest it when those downturns arrive.
- Don’t invest with borrowed money — Investing with borrowed money is one way to magnify your returns, both good and bad, but it can get you into real trouble during a downturn. Downturns are to be expected as an investor, but you can and will recover from them over time. However, investing with borrowed money can take a regular downturn and turn it into a life-altering event that can send your net worth plummeting. Most investors will be better off if they never open a margin account.
— Bankrate’s James Royal contributed to an update of this story.
Editorial Disclaimer: All investors are advised to conduct their own independent research into investment strategies before making an investment decision. In addition, investors are advised that past investment product performance is no guarantee of future price appreciation.
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